Police officer Essay

Inspector Goole has an air of mystery around him from the start. Mr. Birling is on the bench and knows all the police officers but has never seen Inspector Goole. The Inspector tells him that he is new â€Å"Only recently transferred.† This makes us wonder, is it a coincidence that he has just started working in Brumley at the same time as this investigation is going on? Or maybe he knew Eva Smith personally and wanted to find out more about what drove her to suicide. We don’t really know who he is and there is no evidence that he is a real Inspector so the audience are confused whether to believe him or not. We do not know enough about his character to trust him. He also has a very mysterious nature for example the way he talks to people. â€Å"He chooses his words carefully and speaks weightily.† He does this so that he makes sure that he is saying what he wants to say and means it. Everything he says has a rather matter of fact tome to it making the other characters think that he is always right and knows what he is talking about. Also he has a disconcerting habit of looking at the person that he is talking to. This makes them uneasy. It is like the Inspector is searching them internally and can see what they are thinking. The name of the Inspector â€Å"Inspector Goole† adds to the dramatic tension of the play. The name Goole is a homophone to the word ghoul which is often related to a ghost. A ghost is a disembodied spirit of a dead person i.e. it is not really there. Ghosts and ghouls are thought to be fictional to scare children. Therefore is the Inspector real or not? Is â€Å"Goole† his real name or is he just using the name to scare the Birlings? These questions remain unanswered throughout the play. Inspector Goole has a very awkward yet methodical way of questioning each member of the family. He concentrates on one person at a time and does not let them go until he is satisfied with the information that he has gained. When he is questioning one person he does not like to disturbed. He has a photograph in his pocket which he says is of Eva Smith and he says he found it in her lodgings. He only shows it to one person at a time and makes sure that no one else can see it. When he shows Mr. Birling the photograph Gerald and Eric are eager to see it as well but he blocks their view. When they ask him why they can’t see the photograph he replies â€Å"It’s the way I like to go to work. One person and one line of enquiry at a time. Otherwise there is a muddle.† This shows the methodical side to his questioning. Throughout his enquiries, the Inspector has remained in control. At times he has massively taken charge.† In social status, the Inspector is lower than the Birlings although throughout most of the play the Birlings are inferior to the Inspector as they do not know all the information like he does. What we do not know is how much the inspector already knows before arriving at the house. Whenever he asks a question, he already seems to know the otherwise he would not be questioning them. The information he has gathered before coming to the house is by reading the diary that Eva Smith left. Maybe some pages of the diary were missing, hence the lack of information in the Inspector. There is not really any evidence that what the inspector says is true apart from everyone admitting to what they did to Eva Smith. He doesn’t even show the Birlings so called diary. Therefore we aren’t sure if there even was a diary or if he made it all up. We are force to believe that he is telling the truth because how else would he have got that information? The audience answer to it â€Å"Anyhow I already knew.† He obviously has bits of the puzzle missing do not learn a great about Inspector Goole in the play. All they learn about is his character and personality; he is imposing and intimidating. We do not know any background information on him e.g. where he is from. All this does not matter because even though he is the main character the play is not about him it is about Eva Smith. The audience probably do feel a bit curious about the mysterious Inspector but their curiosity soon subsides as they try to keep up with the fast pace of the play. Before the Inspector goes he says â€Å"One Eva Smith has gone but there are millions and millions of Eva Smiths left with us.† From this, the family learn that they might have led someone to suicide but there are plenty more vulnerable people like Eva Smith left in the world that needs their help.  John Priestley was born on September 13th 1894. He grew up into a family who enjoyed debates. At a very young age he was caught up in debates with his friends. They all discussed politics from a socialist point of view. He expresses these ideas and beliefs in the play. In the play his socialist ideas are expressed through the characters and by exploiting some techniques and devices. Now I am going to write about the social and political climate of the day. Priestley wrote this play ‘An Inspector Calls’ in 1944, but the play was set in 1912. Priestley took into account the political and social climate of not just 1944 but also when the play was set in 1912. Because of the time in between the two periods Priestley could use historical events and facts for his own use in the play. An example of this is when Birling says, â€Å"I’m talking as a hard headed, practical man of business. And I say there isn’t a chance of war. â€Å"And in the Inspectors final speech when he talks about everyone being responsible for each other’s actions and the world is a whole and people shouldn’t be divided up into classes and social groups. â€Å"I tell you that the time will come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish.† In both these quotes Priestley touches on the subject of war. This would have attracted the audience to what Birling was saying and they would have started to dislike him and his ideas, since the Second World War would have just finished the audience would have been upset about their lost ones and would have been interested in peoples opinions and views leading up to the start of World War One.

Oil Purification

Oil used in cooking foods is commonly derived from vegetables. Cooking oil is commonly used for frying and oil used for frying is usually thrown away. The recycling of cooking oil also provides a form of revenue for restaurants, which are sometimes compensated by cooking oil recyclers for their used deep fryer oil. Cooking oil recycling also results in less used oil being disposed of in drains, which can clog sewage lines due to the build-up of fats. The Procedure This procedure for filtering and reusing cooking oil requires the oil to be heated, so avoid using anything made of plastic throughout the procedure.Another important precaution to observe is to make sure none of the things used during the procedure are moist or wet. To begin with, strain the cooking oil once using a strainer to catch and remove any coarse food particles. Heat the oil to a temperature of about 170 -200 degrees Fahrenheit, and put in the ginger slices. Turn off the heat after about two or three minutes, and let the ginger slices remain in the cooking oil while the oil cools naturally. Ginger will absorb most of the odor and taste of the foods that were cooked in the oil.When the cooking oil has cooled down to about 120 degrees Fahrenheit, which will be approximately 10-15 minutes afterPurified Cooking Oil for Reuse turning off the heat, it’s time to filter the oil. To make the filter, line the conical strainer with the paper towel, making sure that there is no place from where the oil can leak out without passing through the towel. Next, line it with the cheese cloth in the same fashion. Place the filter on some container that is big enough to hold the amount of oil being filtered, and pour in the heated oil into the filter.Since the filter we’ve made is really fine, it may take up to 15 minutes for one liter of oil to pass through it. When the filtered oil reaches room temperature, you can transfer it to the storage jars. Close the lids tightly and store them in the refr igerator. This procedure for filtering and purifying cooking oil for reuse is fairly simple. And making it a habit to reuse cooking oil can be your small step towards greener living. This procedure can be repeated three to four times before you finally need to discard the fryer oil, which means a little effort can save you some goodly amount of money too.

Prison Overcrowding Essay

The increasing number of inmate population have pushed prisons towards their maximum capacity and in some cases much over leading to inmates double-bunking in single cells or living in open dormitories (Howard 1997). In 1995, a national inmate survey conducted by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) stated that 26. 4% of inmates shared a cell and 12% of those inmates sharing a single cell felt threatened by their cell-mate (CSC 1995). People who enter prison are deeply affected by its social context. Painful prison conditions have harmful consequences for inmates and to the free world once these inmates are released. Bad prisons are not only unpleasant or uncomfortable; they could be destructive to society as well (Haney 2002). 2. Prison Overcrowding Destructive Effects on Inmates Competition and conflict between increasing numbers of inmates over limited resources such as washrooms, library books, television lounges and recreational materials leads to frustration, higher rates of illness, aggression, violence and higher suicide rates (Howard 1997). Crowding debrieve inmates from space to maintain personal identity or turn off unwanted interactions which creates stress. Inmates cope with excess stress in different ways such as withdrawal, aggression or depression which greatly diminishing social relations and interactions (Howard 1997). Prison overcrowding and idleness have lead to increasing number of explosive situations leading prison administrators to press for new tools to control and contain inmates. Most efforts to improve quality of life of inmates were sacrificed during the rapid increase in population of inmates. Feeley & Jonathan (1992) identified a management style in which correctional decision makers think of prisoners as dangerous individuals that need to be â€Å"herded,† rather than as individuals in need of personal attention. 3. Methods to Reduce Prison Overcrowding To reduce prison overcrowding, researchers have suggested making changes to the design and operation of corrections facilities and reducing the number of inmates. 3. 1 Prison Design Prisons should be designed to resemble normal residence environment to reduce the effect of crowding. Stressful levels of noise caused by walking; talking, yelling and televisions could be reduced by use of carpets instead of tiled floors to reduce metal-on-metal contacts. Television and radio sources could also be isolated to reduce their noise. A more social environment could be created by using cushioned chairs and wall decorations (Howard 1997). New design concepts provide inmates more privacy and the ability to escape to individual space. Studies suggested that the need is not for more room but for more privacy. Inmates should be allowed to decorate and arrange their private rooms and have keys to access their private space. (Johnston 1991). 3. 2 Reducing Numbers of Inmates In their efforts to solve prison overcrowding, officials and researchers in the U. S. agree to reduce the population of correctional facilities in addition to constructing more facilities. Reduction in population of inmates could be achieved by using alternatives such as community supervision and intermediate sanctions such as parole release and fines. Arrests from crimes such as domestic violence, drugs and drunk driving have caused overcrowding in prisons. However, prison crowding can not be reduced by keeping offenders in the community since community-based corrections programs are more crowded than prisons. Most of convicted offenders are in community correction programs such as parole and probation. It is falsely assumes that correctional facilities hold more offenders than community corrections programs. The cost to supervise someone on parole or probation is much less than the cost to keep an offender in prison this is due to the level of supervision per offender (Howard 1997). 4. Conclusion Prison overcrowding could not be solved only by transferring inmates from crowded prisons to far more crowded correctional programs. Proper funding must be allocated to community correctional programs to enable them higher levels of supervision. Increased levels of supervision would enable them to expand their eligibility requirements to handle offenders confined in prison while at the same time maintain public safely. New correctional facilities should be built to contain the increasing numbers of offenders. New facilities should be designed to provide a social environment that resembles that of the free world to help simulate a healthy environment for inmates to develop their social skills. Prisons’ environment should aim to decrease inmate’s stress levels by providing quiet and private space. References Correctional Service of Canada. (1995). CSC National Inmate Survey Feeley, M. & Simon, J. (1992). The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications. Johnston, J. C. (1991). A Psychological perspective on the new design concepts for William Head Institution (British Columbia). Forum on Corrections Research. Howard, J. (1997). Prison Overcrowding. John Howard Society of Alberta. Haney, C. (2002). Prison overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions. University of California, Santa Cruz. Steinhauer, J. (2007). California to Address Prison Overcrowding With Giant Building Program. The New York Times published April 27, 2007.

How to use R packages to identify differentially expressed genes for a Coursework

How to use R packages to identify differentially expressed genes for a real data set - Coursework Example The data were classified according to the gene expressions before and after application of the drug on patients. However, owing to time constraints, some important operations that would have allowed the analysis to exhibit more of its features were left out. For example the arrays were given a summative test at every level; that is t-tests, ebayes and samr. The arrays would have exhibited more underlying relations if the individual cases were matched against their resultant gene expressions after the administration of the drug. The columns could alternatively have been split up in pairs to come up with several individual files that would allow the execution of singular tests on individual files, thereby making the results even more focused. The only weakness of this approach is the need to further recombine the individual results from the tests, but which can not be addressed by the use of the combined arrays. With more time the tests would also have been described under varying p-values. By varying the p-value, it is possible to know the levels of accuracy that similar tests should be subjected to in future. This sets a crucial precedent especially since same method of study will be repeated for future

Social Performance of Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Performance of Organizations - Assignment Example When Iran nationalized the company’s assets in 1951, the company ventured into conducting explorations in other Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq, Libya and Kuwait and in 1954, it was eventually renamed as the British Petroleum Company. In 1987, the British government sold its last shares in the company at a time when BP’s lackluster performance had caused it to start languishing at the bottom of its sector. However, by 1996, the company had been able to effect a turn around that saw it start performing within the oil and gas top quartile. Currently, BP is considered to be the world’s number 3 public traded integrated oil concern (Juhasz, 2011). It explores for gas and oil in over 30 countries and has an proven reserves that are estimated to stand at 17 billion of barrels of oil. Within the United States, it is regarded as the largest gas and oil producer and a top refiner with its 15 plants that are continuously processing an estimated more than 2 million barrels of crude oil per day. Some of the external factors that can possibly affect the success of the company include political and economic factors. Political factors such as government policy such as the overall degree of intervention in the economy can affect the performance of BP. This might include trading policies and lobbying actives that can serve to either improve the company performance or make it difficult for it to trade within a given country. Economic factors can affect the performance of BP include the national economies of the environment in which company is running its business operations. When a country’s economy is not doing too well, the buying power of its citizens is reduced and this will have the effect of reducing the total sales of BP’s products in the country. Conversely, the company performance in countries with good economies is relatively good due to the fact that the company is able to achieve high levels

Civil Legislation and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Civil Legislation and the Law - Essay Example se inner contents cannot be visibly from the outside, and there are no ways and means by which it is possibly for consumers to ascertain the contents of the bottle by viewing it externally. The facts of this case revolved on the perceived lack of care, or tort of negligence, displayed by the manufacture of ginger beer, in that its contents could hold toxic or health hazards, emanating due to issues arising due to lack of care and ordinary diligence, which had resulted in such situations. In this case, the ginger beer drunk by the plaintiff contained the remnants of a decomposed snail, which precipitated distress and illness in the applicant, Mrs. Donoghue and caused her significant health issues which necessitated medical treatment. Subsequently she brought action on the grounds that the manufacture had been liable for â€Å"damage caused by such neglect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Donoghue (or M’ Alister) v Stevenson: House of Lords [1932] All ER Rep 1). The area of Tort of Negligence could be invoked in this case. She could bring up a suit for damages for injury caused to her due to consumption of contaminated ginger beer, due to apparent negligence on the part of the manufacturer to ensure that the consumable articles are free from harmful ingredients. Lord Atkins, in his rule on the Donoghue case rules This was what she claimed as damages for tort negligence not amounting to Fraud. This is because the case does not invoke any aspect of fraud or misrepresentation. The manufacturers, Stevenson, did not intentionally cause the snail to be placed in the bottle. It is believed that the place where the cleaning of bottles and refilling was conducted, hosted snails and other reptiles. It is quite possible that a snail may have lodged itself in the bottle. Subsequently, the bottle was filled and sealed by agents of the defendant, without inspecting whether the bottle was clean and contained any thing or not. Thus, basic negligence could be attributed to defendants, and his

Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Popular Culture - Essay Example In particular, many advertisements connote popular culture adopted by communities across the globe. The advert â€Å"Every Woman Wants A Bailey Box†, consisting of two modern women fighting over a Bailey product represents the place of women in popular culture. This essay will analyze the advert by applying storytelling method, gender and sexuality method and finally discussing a source related to the advert. In summarizing the â€Å"Every Woman Wants A Bailey Box† advert, it is possible to draw several aspects that represent popular culture in the community. The advert consists of two contemporary women fighting over a baileys product. Several aspects in the advert indicate that the women represent the modern society. The dressing codes used by both women in the advert indicate modern culture. One woman is dressed using a shorter dress that is mostly used by youthful women in different parts of the world. The second woman is dressed up using an outfit that perfectly fi ts in her body, an outfit that is popular among youthful and classy women. In addition, both women in the advert are groomed using high heeled shoes, which are trendy among classy women in the society. Further, the advert portrays a Bailey product being wrapped using a gift box, something that is commonly associated with women because the majority of women in the society like to receive gifts. Finally, the advert includes a picture of beautiful jewelry indicating that Bailey’s Fine Jewelry is capable of producing quality and attractive products for women in the society. This print medium used in the â€Å"Every Woman Wants A Bailey Box† advert has several primary strengths that make the advert to be successful in attracting the target segment to purchase Bailey’s Jewelry. To start with, the advert incorporates emotional appeals that play an important role in attracting the target audience.  

Outcome studies of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention Essay

Outcome studies of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention - Essay Example population, in any given year and women are twice as likely to be affected. Learning how to deal with anxiety requires management of the mind to handle things in proper order, and this is the emphasis of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). CBT treatment had been popularly used by many healthcare professionals, psychotherapists, and counselors in managing GAD and its efficiency had been proven in many clinical-based studies conducted by reliable researchers. To begin with, anxiety, according to the National Institute of Mental Health or NIMH (2011), is a normal reaction to stress. It helps the person cope with the different situations in life but once it becomes an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, it has become a disabling disorder (NIMH, 2011). Among the five major types of anxiety disorders [Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Social Phobia (or Social Anxiety Disorder)] , GAD is the most common. GAD is a pattern of frequent, constant worry and anxiety over many different activities and events (Berger & Zieve, 2010). The main symptom, according to Berger and Zieve (2010), is the almost constant presence of worry or tension that lasts at least six months, disrupting daily activities even when there is little or no cause. Worries seem to float from one problem to another, such as family or relationship problems, work issues, money, health, and other problems. Other symptoms are difficulty concentrating, fatigue, irritability, problems falling or staying asleep, and sleep that is often restless and unsatisfying, and restlessness or feeling keyed up or "on the edge," often becoming startled very easily. Physical manifestations are muscle tension, shakiness, and headache (Berger & Zieve, 2010). Risk factors for GAD include gender, family history, genetic factor, substance abuse, medical conditions, socioeconomic and ethnic factors, depression, cultural f actors, and stressful events in susceptible people (Scholten, 2011). Moreover, treating anxiety disorders is an individualized approach but several standard approaches have proved effective. Treatment modalities include therapy [e.g. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)], medication [e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), benzodiazepines, and tricyclic antidepressants] and complementary and alternative treatment (e.g. kava, acupuncture, and yoga) (Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 2011b). For the treatment of GAD, cognitive-behavioral therapy is claimed by many psychotherapists, counselors, and healthcare professionals as the most effective therapy. According to Bingaman (2007, p. 11), this is the clear treatment of choice with anxiety disorder becau se it meets the criteria that empirically supports the treatment for GAD. CBT is very useful in treating anxiety disorders because the cognitive part helps people change the thinking patterns that support their fears, and the behavioral part helps people change the way they react to anxiety-provoking situations (National Institute of Mental Disorders,

To what extend can it be argued that blogs encourage active citizens Essay

To what extend can it be argued that blogs encourage active citizens - Essay Example ontain reflections about daily life and produced by individuals with the primary audience being other bloggers that the individual links with on a regular basis. However, the blogs do not have any restriction on access and can therefore available to anyone. Even as a majority of blogs contain personal reflections, blogs that have had profound influence on society due to their wide readership are those that focus on matters of public interest. This essay focuses on the role played by blogs targeting public interests in order to assess the role such platforms play in encouraging active citizens (Herring, Scheidt, Wright and Bonus, 2005). The ability of blogs to attract public interest and therefore influence the way people interact and can be seen from the popularity gained by Instapundit.com written by Glenn Reynolds. The blogger a law lecturer at the University of Tennessee, had by March 2005 reached the hundred-millionth page hit plus a further 200,000 more hits on a daily basis. Given that Reynolds’ blog is dedicated to the commentary of current public affairs, it indicates the attraction of citizens to such blogs as a platform for them to contribute in what is going on around them. This further indicates the ability of blogs to generate popularity by attracting readership in most cases through their sharp, partisan commentary on current public affairs (Griffiths 2004). Further, a single blog has the ability to introduce readers into new debates and topic discussions through hyperlinks that lead readers to other topics that they might find interesting. Although there are those with the view that specific blogs attract people with similar views to engage in discussion and that those with opposing sentiments are silenced (Cohen 2006), the hyperlink to others provides a means through which diverse views on matters of current affairs can be debated. Bloggers in most cases comment on what others are saying by linking their views with those who hold different

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are Essay

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are asked to assess the ability of OPEC to manage the price of - Essay Example These members supply around 40% of the world’s oil (USA Congressional Record, 2007). Law of Supply and Demand (Mankiw, 2008) OPEC’s economic goal is to control production in order to raise the price of oil and eventually increase the generation of its members’ substantial profit. In a free market, the supply and demand tend to push the price at the level in which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Based on this law, it can be pictured out that when the supply of a normal good is low but its demand is higher, it substantially results to price increase. Thus, OPEC is on the right track of controlling production in order to maximise the oil resources of its members. In fact, it has a significant power to control the entire market considering that 70% of world oil reserve belongs to the cartel. Furthermore, OPEC targets to supply only 40% of the world’s oil consumption. This means that it has created influence on the world’s oil supply provided that the demand is higher and even reaching to an upward spiral due to rising economies. Oil is the lifeblood of the modern economy (Navarro, 2008). This means that every economy, developing or even highly developed will tend to maximise resources and even operations, but this cannot be addressed efficiently without relying heavily on oil supply. For instance, oil has become the very reason for every business to operate. From production, down to transportation and inside every household, oil is gaining a wide range of importance, function and economic role. Thus, oil is considered as a normal good and becomes the basic commodity in the world. Oil therefore has created a specific level of demand depending on a certain economy’s requirements in order to sustain and enhance its development and growth. However, from 1972 to 2008, it is noted that OPEC has been ineffective at maintaining cooperation among its members due to issues concerning rest riction of production (Mankiw, 2008). Mankiw explained that members were tempted to cheat their productions just to gain more profit advantage. As a result to this, the increase of oil price was never been successful on restricting production, but because of the increase in demand of worldwide consumption. As shown in Table 1, the price of oil per barrel increases over time. However, this increase was pointed out as barely influenced by OPEC’s success in restricting its production, but due to increase in market demand for the said commodity (Mankiw, 2008). In the mid-1980s OPEC members were having misunderstanding regarding on the regulatory issues of production. As a result, the production increased beyond the controllable limit as specified by OPEC. As the production of oil in the world market increased, there was more supply available leading to the decrease in price. Such decrease in price was clearly due to availability of supply, but what seems to be obvious was the des ire of some OPEC members to gain productive output from their oil resource. In 2007 to 2008, the price of oil substantially was higher. However, it was due to the increase of demand in the world oil market as there was an increasing number of emerging economies such as China (Mankiw, 2008). Table 1. History of oil price as influenced by OPEC regulation of production (Mankiw, 2008) Year Price per barrel 1972 $3 1974 $11 1981 $35 1986 $13 Income and substitution effect The positive income effect states that when the price of normal good decreases it leads to

Ford automobile analysing the vertical integration Essay

Ford automobile analysing the vertical integration - Essay Example Generally, it is the level at which an organization controls the main suppliers and buyers, and aims at improving marketplace supremacy (Katie, 2013). In the early 20th century, Ford Corporation built a manufacturing empire unlike any other before or after based on vertical integration. Ford had chosen to produce the components and materials for its famous Model T passenger car instead of sourcing them from independent contractors or suppliers. The company also bought glass and steel mills to produce steels and window screens for its cars. In addition, Ford acquired huge tracts of land in Asia and Brazil to grow rubber trees to meet its requirements for tyre materials. These efforts culminated in the construction of the massive Rogue plant that ensured full control of all the resources that were necessary in the production of the automobiles. The first model T cars retailed at $850 but the price fell to $440 and eventually to $290 in 1925. The approach had been able to provide better quality cars at much lower prices and thus progressively increase the company’s market share. (Lu, 2011). On the other hand, General Motors, Ford’s main business rival, adopted the multi-divisional approach later on and integrated the various independent firms that were held under the umbrella firm. This ensured that the overall financial and directional decisions were made at the corporate headquarters and the operating decisisons were left to the various divisions. The large scale vertical integration was meant to achieve various objectives. Scholars believe that this was aimed at increasing control, capturing profitability from upstream suppliers, and exerting marketing dominance. This strategy was suitable with the prevailing market environment, which seemed to have enduring demand and low prices determined the market leader. However, despite the soaring sales figures, the approach also had some weaknesses. These included rigidity in asset deployment, modification of product lines and responses to demand changes (Harrigan, 2003). Analysis The Ford Motor Corporation held the dominant position in the automobile industry during the 1910s and 1920s. It held the largest market share and even briefly went over the 50 percent mark. It also reported the highest profits due to its better manufacturing innovation and a reputable brand name. in addition, its main competitors had less superior production technologies and felt the immense pressure from Ford’s market dominance and the low prices. Henry Ford was highly motivated by the vision of producing good and low-priced motor cars for the entire public and the development of technology used to mass-manufacture the cars. His ability to provide substantially lower prices than his closest competitors gave his company the flexibility to pursue these objectives. For instance, Ford’s Model T car was retailing at US$440 while the closest competitor was a Willys-Overland vehicle that was sold fo r US$ 895 (Rosenbaum, 1998). The company had started with the construction of its Highland Park plant in the 1910s, which consisted of a huge capital investment. The multi-storey building became the largest in Michigan state. Its large and open floors provided room for machinery arrangement, and the huge windows provided ventilation and natural lighting. This made the plant a good model for design of factories. In addition, it combined a foundry, a machine shop and a power plant, which brought various stages of automobile

Theories of Management Essay Example for Free

Theories of Management Essay Managers are responsible for many things in an organization and most of them handle various situations depending on their management style.   The major role of mangers is to get things done in the direction of their goals for the organization (http://www.thinkingmanagers.com). The management style on the other hand is the leadership method employed by a manger. There are four management styles commonly used by managers these are: directing, participating, delegating and guiding (http: www.solhaam.org). The style that a manager will use determines whether the work gets done or not. Successful mangers have the capacity to use all the management styles on their group. The situation in which the group is in always determines the management style in which the manager uses to make his/her group achieve their objectives. However, there is a style that is dominant in a manger and it might be hereditary or acquired through education or experience. Most managers learn the management styles from the theories of management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 20th century has seen theories changing over time starting with bureaucracy and universalism of before 1920s, human relations of 1930s and motivation of 1950s. All these theories had one common thing and that is to make employers work whether through the use of authoritarian, participative, guiding and delegating and all had advantages and disadvantages and hence theorists are still finding the most effective one to be used by modern managers. Douglas McGregor proposes two theories, which emphasizes on employee motivation. He did not use description to identify but rather used symbols X and Y. These two theories suggest that the role of management is assembling the factors of production, which includes people, for the economic benefit of the organization (http: www.accel-team.com). In this essay theory Y is discussed in detail and its implications analyzed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGregor in his theory Y believes that employees can only be motivated best by improving their self-esteem and self-actualization. He generalizes that work can be as natural as play or rest and believes that workers can be made to enjoy work as they enjoy play and rest. He also believes that if people become committed to their objectives they can direct themselves towards meeting these objectives and this assumptions is echoed by many managers who believe that if they make their group members committed they can perform their tasks with very minimal guidance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGregor further says that workers can be committed to their objectives if there are rewards such as higher pay or promotions. This is very time in many organizations and this has led many firms introduce the culture promotion by performance and hence employees always take their work very serious since they know that there are benefits in return. In fact, the reward system is a major motivation for many employees since it leads to self-fulfillment. He further beliefs that if employee are motivated they will definitely be responsible and responsibility will lead an organization to higher heights of development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theory Y assumes that there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals using the workers own aspirations for self-fulfillment as the motivator. McGregor further believes that some employees may be immature and therefore there is need for stricter rules, which should be relaxed gradually as they continue to mature and therefore theory Y encompasses autocratic as well as participative approaches in management. Management implications of theory Y.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like all other theories of management used by mangers, theory Y has some demands from the organization in order to motivate the employees these are: Decentralization and delegation- for organization to motivate its employees it must devolve power to the employees and hence the managers will have subordinates who are directly responsible to the manager and the manager delegates some duties to them. The delegation of responsibility makes them confident and hence motivated. Job enlargement – this theory suggests that firms broadens the working area of an employee so that there is a variety of new opportunities and responsibility and this boosts the ego of employees and thus getting committed to company goals. Participative management – since theory Y believes that in a population there are many creative ideas, some organizations who employ this theory consult their employees before making decisions this makes the employees feel important and accepted and hence motivated. Performance appraisals – most organizations have set goals and struggle to achieve them. These organizations involve their employees in setting these goals and also involve them in evaluating of progress towards meeting the goals. Many managers echo McGregor views since it embraces a holistic approach the uses of different management styles depending on the state of the group. This theory Y is the basis of my management style since I believe that management is getting things done by others with or without your presence. By making the employees happy a manager will ease his/her work since they will direct themselves and perform the tasks allocated to them and only ask for guidance whenever they encounter a crisis. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management unlike leadership depends on the culture of the institution and the perception and beliefs of the manager (http://www.solhaam.org). For one to succeed in managing a group he/she must be flexible according to the situation at hand. A manger must recognize the potentials of his/her employees and strive to tap their talent to the maximum in order to achieve their goals. By consulting and involving as well as delegating responsibilities to junior members managers will help motivate them since this builds the confidence of the employees. All the management theories and principles of the 20th century revolve around motivating employees in order to achieve the set goals. These theories further suggest that the style of management employed by most managers determine the degree of participation by the employees. Their style can either motivate or the employees or become a disincentive to them and hence management theories and management styles are synergistic. References Bono E. Hellers R. Management Theories Retrieved on 14th September 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/management/effective-management.php    Davidmann M.2006 Style of Management and Leadership Retrieved on 14th September 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http: www.solhaam.org/articles/clm2.html    McGregor D. 2007 Human Relations Contributors Theory X and Theory Y Retrieved on 14th September 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_03_mcgregor.html

Khadijah bint Khawailid

Khadijah bint Khawailid Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) Introduction: Have you ever wondered about the right way of living and what may human being may do and may not? Human being can do anything they want except what Allah has prohibited them to do. The right path of living that human should adopt the Islamic principles in accordance with the Quran. The teaching of Islam illustrates the limits of humans behaviors. What is right and what is wrong that individual can do rightly. If someone decides to go beyond these principles, he will face troubles both in this world and in hereafter. Strictly, without exceptions, both men and women must follow the laws of Islam. As I looked throughout the history of people who influenced our lives variously, I decided to examine a group of women who are the Prophet Muhammads wives (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) due to their importance in our lives and specially women. I believe that they are the best women that have immensely lived their lives according to Islamic laws, as well as, they have accomplished greatness, mainly through their actions. They gained the pure love and ultimate respect by everyone both at their time when they were alive and also after they died; therefore, I will mainly focus on Khadijah, the daughter of Khuwaylid (the first wife of Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon them) exploring her character qualities. Background: Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (may Allah be pleased with her) was porn in the year 556 CE. She is the daughter of Khawailid bin Asad and Fatima bint Zaed. Her father was a well-known businessperson and leader in the trip of Quraish. She got married to Abu Halah Malak bin Nabash at-Tamimi and had two children named, Halah and Hind. After he passed away, she married Atiq bin ‘Aith al-Makhzoomi and had a daughter named Hindah. Their marriage did not last for a long due to incompatibility, which they divorced thereafter. Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) ran her fathers business. Her long-term vision and intelligence accommodated her to further succeed and expand her business. She hired very skilled business people to export superior Makkan commodities to other countries, which may be as far away as Syria through them. They would, in turn, bring back commodities from these countries to Makkah, which made Makkah considered as a central trading town in Arabia. She use d to compensate her managers who forerun and lead the trading fifty percent of the profit as well as motivation and promising. When Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) heard about the prophet Muhammad honesty and integrity (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him), she sent him a job offer, then, he accepted the offer. In the first business trip, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) sent her trusted servant Maysara to associate the Prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). Maysara was very astonished by Prophet Muhammads behaviors, character, and qualities (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). On their way back, Maysara disclosed some events to Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) that made her beyond impressed with her new manger prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him); therefore, she was so impressed by him and considered marrying him because such principles and values were not common in all men. She decided that he would be the best of the spouses although a lot of the most well known upper clas s men of Quraish had previously proposed to her; however, she rejected all of them and proposed to the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). Subsequently, Abu Talib, the Prophets uncle, had given the proposed marriage. Then, the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) and Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) got married. When the prophet Muhammad got married to Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with them), he was twenty-five years old whereas she was forty years old. Qualities and Characteristics: First, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) had important qualities. One of which, she was a very supportive wife to her husband, the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). She helped him in very difficult moments by her cheerful words, judgment, and wisdom. She was always as a good companion when the world was opposing him. She perfectly illustrated a good Muslim marriage from many different prospective. They shared everything mutually in a loving way that spouses should do to maintain ideal and easy life. She was a great supporter and partner that he could rely on in some matters. At the beginning of the prophet mission, he faced many obstacles; however, she stood next to him compassionately. When he heard any unpleasant word from people, he would return to her, and she would advise and strength him. To further demonstrate her supportive rule of the Prophet Muhammads life (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him), he once stated that â €Å"She believed in me when people denied me, she trusted me when people belied me; she supported me with her wealth when people refused to support me and I was blessed with children by her when I was denied children by other women.† Furthermore, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) was devoted and dedicated wife to her husband the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) and ideal mother to her children. She gave birth to most of the prophets children except Ibraaheem. Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) bore five children. The first child, son, they had was named Qasim. He passed away at an age of two years. They also had another son named Abd-Allah who died in his infancy. Unfortunately, they both died in their early years. In addition, the prophet Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with them) had four daughters. They fortunately survived. Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, Zaynab, and Fatima Zahra. The prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) had another child, named Ibrahim, from Maria al-Qibtiyya that he married years after Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) passed away. Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) was fundamentally fulfilled with outstanding manners. She never argued with her husband or annoyed him. The prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) said: â€Å"Angel Jibreel came to me and said: ‘Give Khadijah the good tidings that she will have a palace made of hollowed pearls in Paradise and there will be neither noise nor any trouble in it.† (Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim) Moreover, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) was a perfect icon in her religion. She was the first person and female to convert to Muslim. She lived the righteousness, greatness, and glory. Allahs Messenger said, â€Å"Maryam [Mary, Jesus mother] was the best woman of her time, and the best woman of this Ummah is Khadijah.† (Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim) In addition, she was noble and created a noble family. She would reap the fruit of her labor. She and her daughter became the best in paradise of females; therefore, the prophet said the foregoing statement. Work Cited http://www.sharaaz.com/index.php3?menu=describetable=Bookcat=Booksid=b00074p http://www.muslimahsource.org/muslimah-ofthe-month/khadija-bint-khuwailid/

Programs to rehabilitate young offenders

Programs to rehabilitate young offenders The intent of this dissertation is to explore the current shaping of the youth justice system and also to explore the programs that are in place to help rehabilitate young offenders who have been placed in young offender institutes. This research will discuss and examine the effectiveness of these programs put in place for young people who are in custody to help prevent them from re-offending once they are in the community. In 2006 the number of prisoners under the age of 21 years in England and Wales stood at 11, 672 and 2,528 of those where children (juveniles). In the past decade or maybe more the number of children and young people entering the penal custody in England and Wales has increased very significantly. It is believed that at least 85 percent of juvenile prisoners are held in Young Offender Institutions (YOI). Young offender institutes are described as specialist penal facilities which are usually managed by the prison service. These institutions are designed for prisoners aged 15-20 years. In these institutions male juvenile prisoners these are from the ages of (15-17 years) are normally detained separately from young adult offenders those who are 18- 20 years old. There are some exceptions to this rule which can at times be applied to female juvenile prisoners (Goldson and Muncie 2006). In England and Wales there is a total of 17 young offender institutes and 13 of those establishments ar e for males and the remaining 4 are dedicated for females up to the age of 17 years (www.yjb.gov.uk ). There are so many explanations which come in to light when it comes to the rise of crime among young people. The aim of the writer is to explore and evaluate the true prevalence youth re-offending and the issues and risk factors that underpin the rehabilitation of people in custody and how effective the rehabilitation programs put in place for young people are. Firstly the literature review will consider relevant viewing the topic of the current model and thinking of the youth justice system. It will also begin by looking at the history of youth imprisonment. Chapter two will explore the programs in place for young people in custody geared towards their rehabilitation. Chapter three will describe and analyse the methodology used in acquiring data. In the fourth chapter the writer will evaluate the rehabilitative programs/the initiatives found in young offenders institutions. The writer will conclude by discussing and summarising the findings and making and future recommendations for future practice. PART TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW The main legislation governing the youth justice system is the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which sets out the systems primary aim which is to prevent offending and re-offending by children and young people. The 1998 Act developed the Youth Justice Board and also the Youth Offending Teams which can be found in every local authority in England and Wales. It is the belief that the main aim of the youth justice system is to prevent offending and re-offending by young people and children (National Audit Office, 2010). It is said that they are four arguments which are put forward for the use of custodial sentencing for young people these are Rehabilitation, Deterrence, Incapacitation and Retribution. Bateman et al (2005) suggests that the argument for Rehabilitation is that the prison should be able to deal with the underlying problems in a way that offenders who remain in the community can not be dealt with. Deterrence it is claimed has both individual and general forms. It is suggested that the presence and use of custodial institutions will prevent young people from committing crimes that might send them to serve custodial sentences. According to the individual form it is expected that custody will discourage those who experience it from committing any more crime so they can avoid further incarceration. Incapacitation is an argument which proposes that if young people who offend are removed off the streets, then they can not offend and so youth crime will reduce. Retribution is an argument which is sometimes used as a rationale for the use of custody. The person who commits the crime is made to pay for the crime they committed. However it is the belief that there is little effect in punishment unless it changes a persons subsequent behaviour (Bateman et al, 2005). Exploring the legislative history of youth justice and the development of the youth justice practice from 1997 onwards. Until 1908 there was no separate court which dealt with young offenders. The children act 1908 was developed and this led to the creation of the juvenile courts, however these courts were presided over by the same magistrates who sat in the adult courts and their formation showed very little understanding of the reasons why children and young people commit crime and also that the needs of children and young people who stand before the courts may be different from those of adults (Dugmore et al, 2006). According to Dugmore et al (2006) it was stated that it could be argued that there was some confusion which arouse at the inception stage between the different approaches which needed to be used when dealing with those children and young people who had committed offences and also those who where just in need of care. The 1908 Childrens Act gave the court authority over both care and criminal issues. Due to the judicial body having control over both the depraved (criminals) and the deprived (children in care) this Act gave birth to the system paying more attention to the process of distinguishing between the different types of young people who came before the juvenile justice system and by difference we mean those young people who deserved to be punished and those young people in need of help and care. The next momentous piece of legislation is the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Goldson (2008) stated that: This Act aimed to strengthen certain enactments relating to young persons under the age 18 years in particular and The Children and young persons Act 1933 acted and revised measures relating to the protection of and employment of children generally and to criminal proceedings in particular. According to Dugmore (2006), the Act was passed as a result of the Maloney committee (Home office, 1927) which contained a blend of positivist and classicist explanations in children and young people. In this report, it was stated that law breaking was seen as a deliberate act of defiance, which had to be dealt with in the formality of the court and its Sanctions. However, it is recognised that delinquent behaviour may be caused by environmental and psychological factors that were beyond the young persons control. The 1933 Act played an important role in establishing what became known by many professionals such as social workers and others as the Welfare principle, however, Goldson (2008) suggests that much of this large and important legislation has since been transformed or discontinued. Even though this seems to be the case some of the sections of this 1933 legislation is still valuable and better still a majority it was very much still in use until recently. Section 44 of the Act is still regarded as very important for children and young people in court proceedings this is because it states in this section that the court shall have regard to the welfare of the child or young person who stands before it this principle also applies to the crown prosecution service and it is considered to be a weak principle compared to the paramouncy principle which is in 1989 Children Act. It was sated in this Act that the childs welfare must be the factor which determines the courts decision when it comes to the upbringing of a child (Goldson, 2008). Goldson (2008) stated that it was suggested that the duty to have regard means that consideration is provided with regards to the interests of the child or young person, the crown and youth magistrates courts can legally give precedence to other interests such as the need to prevent re-offending and to protect the public. However, this legislation stressed the need for the Juvenile courts to deal with children separately and whilst treating them differently. The Ingle by Report (1960) which is known as the report of the Home Office Departmental Committee on Children and Young persons was responded to by the Government through the introduction of a new piece of legislation which is the Children and Young persons Act 1963 and this legislation is mainly applicable to England and Wales. There are two provisions of this act and number one is concerned with the age of criminal responsibility meaning the minimum age of which a child may be charged with a criminal offence. In this report, it was recommended that age for criminal responsibility in both England and Wales should be raised from 8 to 12 years with the responsibility of a further rise to 13 to 14 at some time in the future. However the then Conservative government refused and by way of compromise increased the age of responsibility to 10. The Children and Young Persons Act 1969 according to Pickford (2006) is considered to be the most welfare orientated established with regards to the treatment of juvenile offenders. This Act was introduced by the Labour government which was in power at that time. It is stated that some of the more welfare orientated provisions of the Act such as the proposal to allow local authorities to deal with juvenile delinquents by using methods such as supervision, arranging care and raising the age of criminal responsibility to 14. These proposals never came into force due to the incoming Conservative government which refused to implement these ideas, however during that same period in Scotland there was little opposition to the Welfare Model of youth justice as proposed by the Kilbrandon in Scotland (Home office, 1964) as cited in (Pickford, 2006). The 1969 Act granted the criminal court the power to pass a criminal sanction on a young person that in effect amounted to a welfare provision the criminal care order which was abolished in 1989. In this sentence both the deprive and the depraved became one and the welfare measure became a criminal sanction (Muncie, 2004). It is stated by Pickford et al (2006) that this legislation created greater powers of discretion for social work but did nothing to stem a rising flow of custodial disposals. Exploring the Current model of the youth justice policy and philosophy Many academics such as Fionda (2005) and stated that one case in 1993 known as the James Bulger case who was killed by two 10-year-old boys changed the opinion of the public and the direction of the youth justice policy in relation to young offenders. The belief is that the shock of the public which was largely fuelled by the media following the case led to a moral panic about how children and young people were breaking the law Cohen (1973). Some academics for example Jenks (1996) argued that the Bulger case led to the death of childhood innocence and the subsequent demonisation of youth. It is suggested that due to this realisation, children were no longer considered too pure and innocent they were now considered capable of the worst kind of evil ever imagined. The idea that children were born innocent and so need to be protected from a society that is corrupt was abandoned and society adopted the notion that children are born capable of evil and need to be controlled (Hendricks, 2002). Academics such as Brown (2005) have agreed that the medias portrayal of young offenders allegedly being treated softly by the juvenile justice system swung the political and publics opinion towards a period of getting tough on youth criminality. Public statistics suggest that the number of young offenders aged 10 to 17 found guilty r cautioned of an indictable offence fell by 30percent between 1987 and 1997. According to Nacro (1999) since 1987, the number of male juvenile offenders has fallen by 33% and female young offenders by 17%. Pickford (2006) highlighted that the frenzy about the problem of youth crime appears to make little sense when the statistical data for that period analysed. The number of young people receiving custodial sentences during that period rose, whilst the number of young offenders detained under sentence fell by approximately 50 per cent between 1980 and 1993. Statistics show that these figures then rose up by at least 56 per cent in the four years leading u p to 1997. Together with the hysteria caused by the media the rise in the figures worked well with the development of a definition called persistent offender over this era and also the getting tough policies which related to the individuals put in this category. In the run up to the 1997 electione political debate surrounding the general election promised a law and order agenda from all major parties. Labours promise was to get tough on crime as well as the causes of crime and this included youth crime. In this period the government in power (Labour Party) established a youth crime task force and the momentum for reform of the criminal justice continued. As a result of this reform seven consultation papers were released and five of those papers related directly to youth justice. These five consultation paper relating to youth justice where published by New Labour after its election to government in1997 setting out its proposals for reform (Pickford, 2006). The 1998 Act was passed as a result of those seven papers. The Act was passed by the New Labour government to provide a root and branch overhaul of the youth justice system, which was to be implemented over a number years following the establishment of and feedback from pilot schemes and pathway sites, which tested the ground of the new reforms (Goldson, 2008). Bateman et al (2005) stated that according to the then Homer secretary Jack Straw the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 represented one of the most radical shake up of youth justice in 30 years. The Criminal justice provisions promised victims of crime a voice in the outcome of criminal cases, while the new civil measures offered to empower middle England by handing it the legal and administrative means to re-establish order and civility in its communities. The entire system was to be vigorously managed at a local level to ensure that it all joined up and offered best value to the public. Section 37 of the 1998 Act emphasized the primary aim of prevent and it states that: It shall be the principal aim of the youth justice system to prevent offending by children and young people (Goldson, 2008). Under this section a duty is placed on all personnel working within the youth justice area to have regard to this very important aim while carrying out their duties. The Home office Juvenile Offenders Unit in order to deliver this principal aim set out a number of key objectives are: Encouragement of reparation. Reinforcement of parental responsibilities. Intervention into risk factors including family, social, personal and health factors. Tackling delays- halving how long it takes for young offenders to be passed from arrest to sentence from an average of 142 days in 1996 to a target of 71 days. Confronting the young offenders with the consequences of their offending and encouraging responsibility for actions. Introduction of a new range of penalties in order to enable those who enforce punishments to punish in proportion to the seriousness and persistence of offending. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 set out six key themes which would assist with achieving the objectives set out above. Section 41 of the act related to the national framework and it set up a framework for the national Youth Justice Boards operation this was aim at encouraging and monitoring nationwide consistency in the implementation of the system of youth justice whilst ensuring goods standards for good practice and good delivery of the service. Section 73 established a new detention and training order which was implemented in April 2000. This order is claimed to be a constructive and flexible custodial sentence with a clear focus on preventing re-offending behaviour. The order can be used by both youth and crown courts in respect of all young offenders under the age of 18years who have been found guilty of an offence that if committed by an adult would be an imprisonable offence. The sentence is split into two half is spent in detention and the other half under supervision is the community (Dugmore, 2006). Section 8 of the act created a parenting order made applicable to the parents of those convicted offenders under the Criminal Justice Act 1991. The new order combines requirements of parents to fit in with their individual situation. However the order may place specific responsibilities on a parent such as ensuring their child attends school everyday. Section 6 and 7 encourages the development of local partnerships to provide a method for identifying Crime and Disorder problems within a local framework in a particular area. Section 67 brought in the reparation order which was designed to help young people who offend to face up to the consequences of their offending behaviour. Section 69, 11, 14 and 65 all of these orders are to do with tackling offending behaviour and providing early intervention for young people (Dugmore, 2006). The Youth Justice Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which was amended by the Powers of The criminal Courts Act 2000 helped achieve the proposals of reform which were outlined in the 1997 White Paper No more excuses (Home Office, 1997d). It is said by Crawford et al (2003) that the act created what is known as a referral order which was compulsory and meant for young people convicted for the first time. With this referral order, a young person is referred to a youth offender panel (YOP) which consists of members of the local community and it is put together by youth offendings teams. This order can be served for periods of between 3 months to a year. Under this order, a contract is drawn up with the young offender and their parents specifying the details of the order. The contracts are made specifically to suit the needs of the young person involved. The referral order is also designed to address the young persons offending behaviour in order to help prevent them from re-offending. The order must include preparation and can at time involve community work, contact with the victim, mediation and participation in education programmes or individual activities. The belief is that once the order is completed, the young persons offence has been spent for the purpose of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974. Other significant legislative changes Fionda (2005) suggests that following the 1998 and 1999 Acts there has been no statute specifically addressing youth justice practice that has been passed, meaning that many of the reforms are still being considered to be fairly new by experienced youth justice practitioners. However there have been other statutes which have been passed which cover criminal justice and these have had impact on youth disorder and criminal justice procedures. Youth imprisonment within its current model and philosophy The writer Jewkes (2010) suggested that in contemporary Britain there has been an emergence of the adultified child and this is due to the high rate teenage pregnancies, children winning the right to divorce their parents, children being tried in adult courts and many more. It is argued that in England and Wales children are criminalized at a much earlier age and also they are more inclined to lock children up, compared to other countries such as Belgium, Austria, France and many others. It is claimed that in England and Wales twice as many children are put into custody (Goldson, 2003). According to jewkes (2010) one could claim that since the teenage rebellions of the 1980s and 1960s, the age at which young people may be designated folk devils has decreased. However since the beginning of 1990s there have been regular reports about the pre-teenage children committing very serious offences such as burglary, rape and many others (Jewkes, 2010). The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is 10 years which means anyone aged 10 and above can be held criminally responsible for their actions. Between 2000- 2010 provisional data showed that young people have committed 201,800 offences even though they make up only 11 percent of the population which is above the age of criminal responsibility. It is estimated that offending by all young people cost the economy 8.5 11 billion pounds in 2009 alone. The crimes most committed by young offenders and which they are commonly convicted of are theft and violence. However even though these young people havent been offending for a long time compared to adult offenders it has been noted that at least a third of those young offenders been previously been convicted, warned or reprimanded in relation to an offence (National Audit Office, 2010). It is claimed by the National Audit Office (2010) that they has been a 14 percent reduction in the number of young people held in custody over a duration of five years. Although at times in some cases the use custody is deemed necessary, it is the belief that custody is of limited effectiveness in reducing re-offending behaviour and is considered to be the most expensive sentencing option. It is said that Youth Justice Board is meeting its objective to reduce custody numbers partly through the use of other means which encourage caseworkers to recommend community sentences. CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY In order to gain further knowledge regarding youth offending rehabilitation and imprisonment of young people, the secondary data utilised for this work includes, reports, internet sources, papers, journal articles, textbooks and reports published by the Home Office, Nacro. There are a vast number of ways that data can be obtained. As suggested by Clifford and Gough (1990) when considering the data collection, method selected is compatible and appropriate to both the aims and the theoretical framework being used by the study. METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTION There are two major approaches to gather information these are secondary data and primary data. This study will use secondary data because it is readily available and it takes less time than using primary data. Primary research is very time consuming in terms of establishing samples, arranging and completing interviews, and the collecting and processing data. It is stated by Bryman (2008) that secondary data is the most common research method used by social science researchers today. According to Bryman (2008, p296) secondary data involves the processing of data that has already been collected by other parties or researchers. With this method of research, researchers will consult previous studies and findings such as books, reports, appropriate internet sources such as Youth Justice Board, Nacro, Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons, journals and many more. Academic books, journal articles and reports used throughout this dissertation, provided an excellent method of gathering secondary data from well established and respected authors for example Professor John Muncie, Tim Bateman and Professor Pitts. Literature suggests that most secondary data uses qualitative methods, so the research method used would be mainly qualitative. However, qualitative methods aim to study people in their natural social settings and to collect naturally occurring data. Qualitative describes in words rather than numbers. This is opposed to quantitative data which as the manipulation of numerical data through statistical procedures for the purpose of describing phenomena or assessing the magnitude and reliability of relationships among them (Bryman, 2008). Quantitative allows us to see when, where and which social conditions are most likely to create the situations in which young offenders find themselves which in turn encourage them to offend. Qualitative methods on the other hand, can help us develop an understanding of the complexities of young peoples behaviour attitudes and in the context of their experiences whilst in custody in preparation for when they are released back into the community. Qualitative method is for this current study because quantitative research is more concerned with collecting and analysis of data that focus on numbers and frequencies rather than on experience or meaning. In contrast to the research topic, qualitative method helps to develop an understanding of young peoples attitudes, experiences and feelings. As noted they are many reasons why young people re-offend and why custody is used as method of rehabilitation. Understanding these reasons will be a key target for researchers if we are to understand issues around custody, rehabilitation programmes and re-offending of young people in the future. ETHICAL ISSUES Ethical issues had to be taken into account, even though the writer did not use primary research in the study. There is a procedure which requires all participants of the research to give informed consent before conducting any research. Participants must be fully made aware of the nature and procedures of the research. The information given during interviews must remain confidential and not presented to those not directly involved in the study. The British Sociology of Criminologys guidelines on ethics for researchers have been consulted and no ethical issues were noted in relation to the nature of this secondary research project. CHAPTER THREE: OFFENDING BEHAVOIUR PROGRAMMES The main task for youth justice managers and practitioners is to make certain the selection of offender oriented programmes which have been proven to be mainly effective or at least show that in the future they can chive the main goal. Bloom (2006) formulated some questions which are central to the assessment of what works he states What social programs, policies and interventions work? For whom do they work, and under what conditions? And why do they work- or fall short? (Bloom, 2006). What are the offending behaviour programmes? One could claim that that there are two fundamental ways in which to change a young persons behaviour by changing either or both the environment in which he or she hangs or lives in and also by changing the actual individual. It has been highlighted that the most important cause of criminality amongst young people who offend is their individual characteristics whilst for others it is their environment be it the community, home life and much more (Wikstrrom et al, 2008). COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEARPY (CBT) The idea of CBT is that if you can change the way a person be it male or female perceives and thinks about the social settings they come across and their actions, you can change that persons behaviour. This prevention model suggests that cognition is significant for behaviour and short-term interventions can change young peoples cognition in a way that significantly impacts their offending (Wikstrom et al, 2007). CBT is a fairly new intervention type which has began from advances in the understanding of the role of internal cognition in the expression of external behaviours. In the past three decades according to Leschied (2002) cognitive science and neuropsychology have advanced rapidly bringing a new awareness of how the ways in which persons feel and think influences how they react to the settings in which they take part. This progression is claimed to have revolutionised thinking in the field of criminology. The study of the causes of crime has extended to the causal chain from internal to environmental influences through attention and perception. It is suggested that successfully influencing elements in behaviour and crime causation can have significant and a long-term impact on how individuals choose to act (Wikstrom, 2006). CBT is built around the idea that cognition affects behaviour which also includes offending behaviour. It is believed that individuals have the capacity to monitor and adapt their ways of thinking, which can change how they react to those settings. Hollin (1990) extended this theory by suggesting that offenders may think and feel differently than non-offenders and that this difference in cognition may be the causal link to their offending behaviour. However there are many different types of cognitive behavioural interventions which aim to correct distorted, deficient and dysfunctional cognition which may reinforce offending behaviour by teaching new cognitive skills such as self awareness, moral reasoning, interpersonal perception and many more which increase awareness of the link between thought processes and maladaptive behaviours, and support an individuals ability to actively change those processes in a more positive way (Wilson et al, 2005). Coyle (2005) stated that cognitive behavioural interventions can affect different areas of cognition and behaviour example which may be target are for example decision making, emotional characteristics of behaviour. Areas which are commonly addressed by CBT are victim impact, anger management, moral reasoning social skills training cognitive restructuring, relapse prevention and much more. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) within Young Offender Institutions (YOI). Wilson et al (2005) states that within Young offender institutions CBTs are usually delivered in groups of 8 to 12 offenders. One of the most commonly use interventions applied in YOI are Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT), which is a moral reasoning intervention, which targets moral developments and is delivered in groups of between 10 and 15 participants, Reasoning and Rehabilitation (RR), a cognitive skills training intervention, which is delivered in groups of six to eight participants. There are also other therapies which according to Kurtz (2002) are deemed to be popular and effective these therapies include Aggression Replacement Training (ART), which include anger management, moral reasoning elements and other cognitive skills training interventions, which target awareness of thinking patterns, the perceived legitimacy of offending behaviour and problem solving skills to encourage consideration of alternatives. MULTI-SYSTEMIC THERAPY (MST) MST focuses on the need for changes in an offenders immediate social environments such as their family. School and peer environments, the aim is to help reduce or prevent their problematic behaviour and offending. It is the belief that offenders do not act in a social vacuum and their criminality is an outcome of their interaction with the social environment. It is claimed for example that it may be easier to change an offenders moral values and habits that support law breaking by also changing those aspects of the individuals environment that may influence or support such values (Wikstrom and Treiber, 2008). The writer Borduin et al (2003) said that MST was developed specifically to treat youths with serious offending and behaviour problems. MST is aimed youths aged between 10-17 years. It is individualised intervention programme which is intensive and targets the social systems in which a young person who offends operates. MST views offending behaviour as a consequence of the link between individuals and the external systems in which they partake in socially. The primary goal for MST is to promote multi-faceted change in individual, school, neighbourhood and familial variables which influence offending There are two theoretical explanations of which MST draws up, the first is Bronfenbrenners human ecology theory which suggests that there is a link b

Frankenstein: Who is the victim? :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Frankenstein, the monster and Victor are both put through many depressing and hurtful situations. I think that the monster was the true victim. He was rejected by everyone he came across from the day he entered life. His creator was never there to teach him right from wrong or responsibility. And also, the monster's soon-to-be wife was killed before his eyes. These agonies are what make the monster more of a victim than Victor Frankenstein does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning, the monster was abandoned by his creator Victor, the only man he's ever had a relationship with. He was made eight feet tall and very grotesque. At first sight, his creator rejects him. The monster tries to integrate himself into society, only to be shunned universally. When the creature goes to the village, he is attacked because of his horrifying appearance. He assists a group of poor peasants and saves a girl from drowning, but because of his outward looks, he is rewarded only with beatings and disgust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The monster is left to live his life with no help from his creator after being abandoned. While having the mind of a newborn, this is not easy for him. By not knowing right from wrong, he murdered Victor's loved ones in order to get attention. He never had anyone to teach him how to live life with dignity and respect. This is a major loss for a living being. The creator is at fault here because the monster does not know better. Victor should have taken responsibility by accepting, raising, and controlling the monster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Victor destroys his work on the female monster meant to ease the monster's solitude, the monster is overcome with suffering and sadness. These feelings affected his state of mind and caused him to do wrong things. He did not deserve to see his one and only mate be destroyed.

Making Headlines :: Articles New York Papers

Making Headlines At Dawn, the Bird (All NY Times headlines taken from the week of the shuttle crash--the first week of February) I. Possible Damage to the Wing We were watching TV when the bird hit the window and fell to the patio with its wing arched unnaturally beneath it. "Is it possible that it's still alive?" I ask. My father shakes his head. "Well..." he sighs. His face looks pained in the moment that the bird's body thumps against the window and drops to the ground--then it softens to grief. A small pool of blood emerges from beneath its body. I cock my head at the mystery of this bird that mistook our window for air. Your body grows cold already, Texas patio dove. Penguins spend up to seventy-five percent of their lives underwater--even those on display at the aquarium. We watch them dive headfirst into the water like fat arrows, their arms sleek and thick at their sides. Fish, freshly killed and slick like steel, slip down their throats without a word. In Chilean folklore, the penguin is not the only bird unable to fly. The Alicanto is a nocturnal sparrow that feeds on the veins of gold and silver. The weight of the metal is what keeps it from flying. II. Tracking Shuttle, Many Saw Long Trail of Flames Instead The Egyptians' bird of eternal life was what the Greeks would call Phoenix. Did it roost in treetops and cactus arms? Or did it fly, leaving trails of flames across the horizon? Did it scatter its ashes over the earth like the strewn answers to immortality; the clues to rebirth irreparably dispersed like the infinite pieces of a puzzle? I used to fall asleep to locusts. Their plump insect bodies sang a long and unanswered serenade. They lived on the trees outside my window. They left crisp skeleton skins behind them, whose leggings still clung to the bark. I have never seen them land, though I wonder if they do it all at once, or in pieces. If they gather to one tree over time, or if they descend in swarms, settling over the branches like a shroud--a skin of screaming scales. In Carlsbad Caverns, stalactites plunge earthward, stalagmites stretch heavenward. Like tapered tree trunks. Like lava. My voice trickles over the cool of the walls. Here and there, ends meet--a stalactite thinks it has reached the earth, and a stalagmite believes it's in heaven.

Research Problem Essay

1 WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM? A research problem is the situation that causes the researcher to feel apprehensive, confused and ill at ease. It is the demarcation of a problem area within a certain context involving the WHO or WHAT, the WHERE, the WHEN and the WHY of the problem situation. There are many problem situations that may give rise to research. Three sources usually contribute to problem identification. Own experience or the experience of others may be a source of problem supply. A second source could be scientific literature. You may read about certain findings and notice that a certain field was not covered. This could lead to a research problem. Theories could be a third source. Shortcomings in theories could be researched. Research can thus be aimed at clarifying or substantiating an existing theory, at clarifying contradictory findings, at correcting a faulty methodology, at correcting the inadequate or unsuitable use of statistical techniques, at reconciling conflicting opinions, or at solving existing practical problems. 2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM The prospective researcher should think on what caused the need to do the research (problem identification). The question that he/she should ask is: Are there questions about this problem to which answers have not been found up to the present? Research originates from a need that arises. A clear distinction between the PROBLEM and the PURPOSE should be made. The problem is the aspect the researcher worries about, think about, wants to find a solution for. The purpose is to solve the problem, ie find answers to the question(s). If there is no clear problem formulation, the purpose and methods are meaningless. Keep the following in mind: †¢ Outline the general context of the problem area. †¢ Highlight key theories, concepts and ideas current in this area. †¢ What appear to be some of the underlying assumptions of this area? †¢ Why are these issues identified important? †¢ What needs to be solved? †¢ Read round the area (subject) to get to know the background and to identify unanswered questions or controversies, and/or to identify the the most significant issues for further exploration. The research problem should  be stated in such a way that it would lead to analytical thinking on the part of the researcher with the aim of possible concluding solutions to the stated problem. Research problems can be stated in the form of either questions or statements. †¢ The research problem should always be formulated grammatically correct and as completely as possible. You should bear in mind the wording (expressions) you use. Avoid meaningless words. There should be no doubt in the mind of the reader what your intentions are. †¢ Demarcating the research field into manageable parts by dividing the main problem into subproblems is of the utmost importance. 3 SUBPROBLEM(S) Subproblems are problems related to the main problem identified. Subproblems flow from the main problem and make up the main problem. It is the means to reach the set goal in a manageable way and contribute to solving the problem. 4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The statement of the problem involves the demarcation and formulation of the problem, ie the WHO/WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY. It usually includes the statement of the hypothesis. 5 CHECKLIST FOR TESTING THE FEASIBILITY OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM | | |YES |NO | |1 |Is the problem of current interest? Will the research results have social, educational or scientific value? | | | |2 |Will it be possible to apply the results in practice? | | | |3 |Does the research contribute to the science of education? | | | |4 |Will the research opt new problems and lead to further research? | | | |5 |Is the research problem important? Will you be proud of the result? | | | |6 |Is there enough scope left within the area of reseach (field of research)? | | | |7 |Can you find an answer to the problem through research? Will you be able to handle the research problem? | | | |8 |Will it be pratically possible to undertake the research? | | | |9 |Will it be possible for another researcher to repeat the research? | | | |10 |Is the research free of any ethical problems and limitations? | | | |11 |Will it have any value? | | | |12 |Do you have the necessary knowledge and skills to do the research? Are you qualified to undertake the | | | | |research? | | | |13 |Is the problem important to you and are you motivated to undertake the research? | | | |14 |Is the research viable in your situation? Do you have enough time and energy to complete the project? | | | |15 |Do you have the necessary funds for the research? | | | |16 |Will you be able to complete the project within the time available? | | | |17 |Do you have access to the administrative, statistic and computer facilities the research necessitates? | | | | |TOTAL: | | |

Management Structure of Boeing Essay

Considering how the Boeing Company has a strong presence worldwide and has employees and partnerships located in 70 countries, it has implemented a management structure to achieve maximum efficiency of the multi-billion dollar business. This structure is called a matrix structure, where this essentially allocates a Senior Vice President to each of the many department heads who oversee all movements the company makes as well as managing every employee within that division. These departments range from areas such as: Engineering & Technology to Law Department to Human Resources as well as Business Development and are all managed by the CEO, W. James McNerney. All of these divisions of Boeing run independently of one another, however they do collaborate together to ensure the company continues to be the achieve the most efficient and stable environment that it can. The matrix management structure is also advantageous to the Boeing Company since they are continuously filling out long-term contracts for various airlines around the globe and is in need of several functional organized departments. Since these departments collaborate together, various tasks of the project given are delegated between the necessary departments who then come together after completion of these given tasks and put together the prototype. Employees and resources are also allocated temporarily to other divisions of Boeing for various projects depending on the magnitude and the time given for project completion. However, there are some disadvantages to the matrix structure. There is a tendency to ‘lean’ towards one side of the matrix or the other, this can lead to problems such as project delays and extension requests by employees which inevitably cost the company time and money as seen by the delay of the 787 Dreamliner construction.

An Interview with the Headmistress

The headmistress of the school is retiring at the end of the month. As a editor of the school magazine, you interviewed her for an article in the magazine. Emily: Good morning, Madam Lee. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to interview you. Me: It is my pleasure. Emily: Madam Lee, I heard that you have been a headmistress for long times ago. Can you tell me how long have you been here and what did you do before you came here? Me: Well, I am the headmistress here for almost 15 years. Before that, I was a teacher in Sabah.After I was transfer here, I start to worked as a teacher for almost 8 years. Besides, I love teaching students and this is the main reason why I am still teaching even though I am the headmistress now. Emily: Honestly madam Lee, we really appreciate for everything that you have done. Me: Thank you, Emily. Emily: Madam Lee, how has the school changed within the 15 years? Me: It has changed tremendously! When I first came, this school was still a small school. We only had 250 students, but now we have almost 1600 students.In those days, we had just two school blocks, now we have six school blocks, an air-conditioned library and a very modern canteen. I was very proud of this school! Emily: Why did you still love teaching although you are the headmistress now? Me: I love teaching since I was a kid, I had an ambition that I would like to be a great teacher that would have the ability to teach students to become successful people in the future. Emily: That was a great ambition that you have, Madam Lee.Can you tell us what are the interesting things that happen to you in the school before? Me: I remembered most is when my students plan a birthday surprise for me on my birthday few years ago. They even bought a really special gift for me. Emily: Madam Lee,what do you like most about this school? Me: The thing that I like most about this school is the view of scenery of the school from the principal’s office. Emily: Will you still contribu te to your school if the school still needs your help in the future? Me: Of course I will!This school means a lot to me. Emily: Do you have some words to say to your beloved students before your retirement? Me: Yes, I would like to say that you all must study hard to follow your dreams and never give up until you achieve your dreams. Besides, always treasure your precious time to do benefit things. The most important is study hard, play less. Emily: Thank you for the wonderful advice, Madam Lee. Do you have anything that you want to do before your retirement? Me: I would like to thank the teachers so much of the contribution for the school.They really work together with me to make this school a better environment for the students to study. I really appreciate their hard work. Emily: Are you feeling sad of your retirement? Me: At first, yes but now I am really happy that I can finally retire. Emily: Madam Lee, what are your plans after retirement? Me: Perhaps I shall travel to countr ies for holiday. After that, I probably become a housewife and spending my time to do things that I loved. Emily: That is all I wanted to ask. Madam Lee, Thank you very much for this interview. I wish you all the best. Me: Thank you.

Application of Evidenced †Based Practice Essay

Application of Evidenced-based Practice Regarding pediatric Patients and Otitis Media 1 Running head: Application of Evidenced -based Practice Application of Evidence-based Practice Regarding Pediatric Patients and Otitis Media Running head: Application of Evidence-based Practice 2 The nursing practice heavily relies on the evidence based clinical information to determine current standards of practice within the nursing scope of practice. A multitude of informational journals and peer reviewed articles are readily available to help guide the decisions placed into practice. The nurse is responsible for recognizing the quality of evidence collected to improve the standard of care patients receive. This paper will investigate four articles regarding the appropriate care and treatment of the pediatric population with otitis media. In addition, an appropriate recommendation for antibiotic therapy will be made based on information gathered during the research. To answer the question of whether a wait-and -see approach is recommended, an initial validation of the information collected must be determined. Four articles will be assessed based on the type of research collected as filtered, unfiltered, or general information. The source will be investigated as inappropria te or appropriate. Lastly, the articles will be classified as primary research evidence, evidence summary, or evidence-based guideline. In addition to the four articles, a study and interview from current patients of the clinic will be discussed. The first article by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians discusses the diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. This article is a filtered resource as several large studies have been completed on the topic. The article is from a reliable and reputable source and is determined to be appropriate. The type of research is an evidence summary as well as providing evidenced based guidelines for practice. The second article by The Pediatric Infectious disease Journal provides unfiltered information. The author Dr. Block discusses evidenced collected within studies of her own as well as collected data from Running head: Application of Evidenced-based practice 3 previous studies and as a result the article is mainly primary research. This source would be considered inappropriate for a nurse evaluating a standard practice to recommend. The information presented within the article is too broad and does not recommend a best practice standard. The article is an unfiltered article based on the foundation of a multitude of studies and expert opinion presented. A physician may find this article useful if investigating which pathogen would best respond to a specific antibiotic. The third article is a general informative resource for the clinic to apply evidence based practice. The resource is a filtered article which provides appropriate information relating to general practice. The research is evidence summary as well as evidence-based guideline. This article provides general information regarding pain and treatment of ear problems. This article may by appropriate for the diagnosis of specific ear conditions and treatments however may not be approp riate to determine if a wait-and-see approach is supported. The last article reviewed discusses treatment of otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. This is an unfiltered resource and appropriate for determining if a practice change should be implemented. The type of research is evidence summary and evidence-based guidelines. This article would support an evidenced based approach to support a change of practice within the clinic. Finally, interviews collected from patients who utilize the clinic is unfiltered information and inappropriate to base a clinical change of practice. The type of research is primary research evidence. This information may be helpful for determining the type of culture who utilizes the clinic and how accepting the community may perceive a change in practice. All pieces of information collected has valuable information, however from nursing standards an article should present current evidence based practice standards. Running head: Application of Evidenced-based Practice 4 The evidence presented within one article supports a watchful waiting approach to treating acute ear infections in children. Data is strongly supported with evidenced based practice guiding the appropriate course of treatment as prescribed by physicians. For example, The American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians have provided a practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media. This article should be considered the gold standard of practice for physicians and presents filtered information. The article clearly provided recommendations based on the presentation of the patient in addition to practice standards. The article is current and is supported by regulatory licensing agencies. Future research goals are also discussed along with current recommendations. This informative practice guideline should be reviewed with additional information to fully support a practice change within the clinic . However, additional current studies would be required to implement a change of practice with more supportive data. Considering multiple resources were obtained to investigate a change in practice, some articles were outdated and referenced studies which may not be applicable to modern practice. In conclusion, research does support a more watchful approach to treating patients; more supportive current data would be required so an informed decision can be made. To implement a policy change within a clinic, a committee should be established to review current evidence based literature to support a change in practice. A review of current recommendations for practices can be investigated along with a discussion with a larger pediatric medical facility. Having a better understanding of current trends from neighboring establishments can better prepare the facility for a change in practice. Educational information should be prepared for parents to establish a clear understanding of why a practice change has been implemented. Nursing will have a vital role in educating families and possibly reminding practitioners of practice Running head: Application of Evidenced-based practice 5 recommendations. By the nursing staff having the knowledge of best practice, they can advocate a higher quality of care for their patients. Ethical concerns and vulnerable populations should be considered when researching and changing clinical practice  guidelines. The practitioner and nursing staff must assure they are implementing practice changes to improve quality of care for their patients. Well supported and researched standards should only be implemented. The patient population of the clinic should not be uses as a test group or population without prior knowledge or informed consent. During the process of informed consent, all risks must be explained to the patient and family. Patients must be educated by the practitioners and nursing staff regarding the implementation of a new practice. The staff must be aware of credible resources for data collection and applications to practice. Reassurance of protecting patient privacy should be discussed with patients and parents. The nurses must continue to advocate for human rights during the research process by identifying vulnerable populations. These populations may include children, pregnant woman, elderly, and cultural differences. If any language barriers exist, the nursing staff should be p repared to have alternate communication methods. State and federal guidelines must be followed during any research process and advocate for those who cannot advocate for themselves. References Block, S.L. (2008). Causative Pathogens, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Considerations in Acute Otitis Media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 15(4), 448-456. Hay, W.W., Levin, J.J, Sondheimer, & Deterding, R.R. (2006). Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment. Ear, Nose and Throat. (pp. 159-492). Denver, Colorado: Lange. McCracken, G.H. (1998). Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in an Era of Increasing Microbial Resistance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 17(6), 576-579. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2004). Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media, 113(5), 1451-1465.